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Showing posts with label medicalization. Show all posts
Showing posts with label medicalization. Show all posts

Wednesday, November 26, 2014

History of Orgasm: Part 4: Vibrator Technology

              I’m continuing my review and summary of Rachel P. Maines’ book, The Technology of Orgasm, for parts 1, 2, and 3 click here:
http://femgasmproject.blogspot.com/2014/11/history-of-technology-and-female-orgasm.html
http://femgasmproject.blogspot.com/2014/11/history-of-orgasm-part-2-hysteria.html
http://femgasmproject.blogspot.com/2014/11/history-of-orgasm-part-3-masturbation.html
This section, like the last one, was unfortunately rather disorganized and very repetitive- much of what was discussed in this section was discussed already in the first one. What’s so strange about this book, is that it’s a pretty short book for such a large topic, so you would think that each fact would only be said once in order to effectively use what little space she has, but instead it seems that the book could have been cut by about a third, and nothing substantive would have been lost. But there is some interesting information here about hydrotherapy, the beginnings of vibrator use by doctors, and the beginning of the use of vibrators in the home.
Hydrotherapy
Apparently an entire journal was devoted to the topic. 
     Bathing has always been associated with sensuality in Western culture, even dating as far back to the baths of Greece and Rome (72). Sick or not, throughout history, wealthy women especially visited “healing” mineral springs, and in the 1830s and 1840s hydrotherapy or “the water cure”, was a major medical fad (73). And of course, it’s use continued well into the second half of the nineteenth century (78). The “water cure”, a bit more aggressive than women simply laying in baths, involved pumping water into the vagina- apparently for any “female complaints”. (74). (I’ve discussed why responding to women’s  problems by “treating” the vagina is not exactly as wonderful as we might try to make it, in far harsher words, in other sections.) Apparently, most women did respond to hydrotherapy, according to Maines, with great enthusiasm, enjoying it immensely, which greatly confused doctors (74).  That women enjoyed these treatments even seemed to upset some doctors, who struggled for an explanation,  with some Freudians, even into the late 20th century, suggesting that women orgasm from water simulation, because it allows them to pretend to be man, who is capable or urinating and ejaculating like a man (81). She notes that while masturbation with water was once common for women, and has been shown to especially pleasurable for many of us, studies in the 1990s showed that only 2% of women then used water at all, through shower heads or other means. It’s use has actually declined.
Vibrators
Moving out of the doctor's office and into the home. 
    Vibrators were first “medically” used (to treat “hysteria”), in 1878,  in Paris,  and most doctors were happy to switch over to them, due to their dislike of manual stimulation (68, 93). By 1900, dozens of models were available (93). They were, like hydrotherapy, used to treat all problems a women might have, much, I’m sure, to the detriment of many women whose problems stemmed from somewhere other than their vaginas, although Maines doesn’t discuss this (95). Doctors had a hard time, as discussed in previous sections, maintaining their reputation as professionals when it came to vibrators, as everyone from Freud to erotic movies to popular film, was discussing and depicting vibrators as inherently sexual, never mind that they were beginning to be sold to the average consumer (95, 100, 108). By 1908, they were on the shelves, although often with warnings to avoid “excessive use”, or “imprudence”, while at the same time, promoted as being “far superior to the human hand” (103). As we learned in previous sections, eventually this acknowledgement of women’s sexuality and the sexual nature of these “treatments”, stopped the use of the vibrator in medical offices. Soon enough, vibrators were seen as “self-treatment”, as ways for women to take their sexual pleasure into their own hands. (108). 



Friday, November 7, 2014

Orgasm Inc. - Medicalizing Sexual Pleasure

Orgasm Inc., the 2009 documentary, sets out on a journey that explores the intricate industry banking on Female Sexual Dysfunction. It aims to introduce the new gadgets and pharmaceuticals that guarantee sexual fulfillment, while exposing the risks and false communication of research results. This documentary brings together an unexplored market for Big Pharma, cultural gendered norms and women who fall victims of society's mores and customs regarding expression of sexuality. 
Front Cover of Documentary
An important first question raised by the film is the medicalization of orgasm (or lack thereof) - more specifically, where do we draw the line between normal and abnormal, "healthy" and "diseased. The medicalization of sexual pleasure is based on vague symptoms that are not necessarily signs of a dysfunction, but may be natural, temporary imbalances in the organism. The ability to orgasm is impaired by body image issues, psychological barriers or affections, a history of abuse or stress; moreover, a female's libido may be influenced by relationship problems (such as lack of communication), use of antidepressants or contraceptive pills and hysterectomies. The complex biological and psychological dynamics paint a more nuanced picture than what companies trying to capitalize on sexually-unfulfilled women convey in their black-and-white definitions of what an orgasm is.

Screenshot from Orgasm Inc.

Personally, the very definition of this disease is essential, as the construction of the Female Sexual Dysfunction allows companies and practitioners to engage in a battle of leading the development of "cures" and securing a strong market share for such products that claim to dramatically reduce lack of sexual pleasure. The competition for research, FDA approval and release is stiff, as the documentary portrays the efforts of businesses in the field. It is not a surprise that Big Pharma, one of the leading industries of the United States, encourages the aggressive promotion of its cures for sexual dysfunction. The United States are well-known for leading in terms of consumption of prescribed medication, so market estimates for products that guarantee orgasms surely appear optimistic enough for these companies.

Moreover, let's consider the linguistic implications of the Female Sexual Dysfunction. The language employed by companies and advocates of such products is constructed by associating lack of orgasms to a disease, something that is sick in the organism and is in need of a cure. The psychological effect of such language creates fear and confusion around women who are still trying to understand their sexual lives and may not have access to non-biased, accurate information.

Screenshot from Orgasm Inc.
 One of the experts interviewed, owner of "Good Vibrations" refers to the Female Sexual Dysfunction as the hysteria of our ages. A small historical analysis can point to the early 1900s as one essential moment in the medicalization of the orgasm - the hysteria epidemic (click here for an article on hysteria and the first vibrators).